Phonograph - Wikipedia. Edison cylinder phonograph, circa 1. Close up of the mechanism of an Edison Amberola, manufactured circa 1. A late 2. 0th- century turntable and record. The phonograph is a device invented in 1. In its later forms it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1. The sound vibration waveforms are recorded as corresponding physical deviations of a spiral groove engraved, etched, incised, or impressed into the surface of a rotating cylinder or disc, called a . To recreate the sound, the surface is similarly rotated while a playback stylus traces the groove and is therefore vibrated by it, very faintly reproducing the recorded sound. In early acoustic phonographs, the stylus vibrated a diaphragm which produced sound waves which were coupled to the open air through a flaring horn, or directly to the listener's ears through stethoscope- type earphones. In later electric phonographs (also known as record players (since 1. His phonograph originally recorded sound onto a tinfoil sheet wrapped around a rotating cylinder. A stylus responding to sound vibrations produced an up and down or hill- and- dale groove in the foil. Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory made several improvements in the 1. Later improvements through the years included modifications to the turntable and its drive system, the stylus or needle, and the sound and equalization systems. The disc phonograph record was the dominant audio recording format throughout most of the 2. From the mid- 1. 98. Records are still a favorite format for some audiophiles and DJs. Vinyl records are still used by some DJs and musicians in their concert performances. Musicians continue to release their recordings on vinyl records. The original recordings of musicians are sometimes re- issued on vinyl. Terminology. In more modern usage, the playback device is often called a . When used in conjunction with a mixer as part of a DJ setup, turntables are often called . The similar related terms gramophone (from the Greek . The roots were already familiar from existing 1. The new term may have been influenced by the existing words phonographic and phonography, which referred to a system of phonetic shorthand; in 1. The New York Times carried an advertisement for . After the introduction of the softer vinyl records, . Often the home record player was part of a system that included a radio (radiogram) and, later, might also play audiotape cassettes. From about 1. 96. But it was then considered strictly incorrect to apply it to Emile Berliner's upstart Gramophone, a very different machine which played discs. Manufacturers, however, typically advertised such combinations as . Portable record players (no radio included), with a latched cover, were fairly common as well, especially in schools and for children and teenagers. In the years following the Second World War, as . By about 1. 98. 0 the use of a . South Africa Wonders & Wildlife is a 15 day small ship cruise from Mauritius to South Africa with expert guest speakers aboard Voyages of Discovery. In the extreme south east of Madagascar, Port D’Ehoala is your springboard to Fort Dauphin, the first French. Francis Ridge NICAP Site Coordinator Aug. 6, 1860; Norfolk, Virginia. Louis, I had more than my share of collateral duties. My official assignments included being operations division officer, navigator, CIC officer, senior deck officer. The following listing contains a very large selection of Ocean Liner Passenger Lists. Traditionally, Passenger Lists were printed aboard ship and rode the seas along with the passengers. Advertising Programmes Business Solutions +Google About Google Google.com. Through all these changes, however, the discs have continued to be known as . The Grammy trophy itself is a small rendering of a gramophone, resembling a Victor disc machine with a taper arm. Shop Heavy Equipment For Sale. Choose from 24,829 listings to find the best priced Heavy Equipment by owners & dealers near you. Page 2 of Heavy Equipment listings. Sign up Sign in My Little Salesman Sign in Get Started For Sale Heavy Equipment Trucks. US Cruisers List: Light/Heavy/Antiaircraft Cruisers, Part 1 Revised 22 January 2000 Version 1.12 Compiled and Maintained by: Andrew Toppan. Injury to left leg, through being thrown on the anchor by a heavy sea. Modern amplifier- component manufacturers continue to label the input jack which accepts the output from a modern magnetic pickup cartridge as the . The phonograph's predecessors include . Recordings made with the phonautograph were intended to be visual representations of the sound and were not to be reproduced as sound until 2. Cros's paleophone was intended to both record and reproduce sound but had not been developed beyond a basic concept at the time of Edison's successful demonstration of the Phonograph in 1. Phonautograph. In this device, sound waves traveling through the air vibrated a parchment diaphragm which was linked to a bristle, and the bristle traced a line through a thin coating of soot on a sheet of paper wrapped around a rotating cylinder. The sound vibrations were recorded as undulations or other irregularities in the traced line. Scott's phonautograph was intended purely for the visual study and analysis of the tracings. Reproduction of the recorded sound was not possible with the original phonautograph. In 2. 00. 8, phonautograph recordings made by Scott were played back as sound by American audio historians, who used optical scanning and computer processing to convert the traced waveforms into digital audio files. These recordings, made circa 1. French songs and a recitation in Italian. On April 3. 0, 1. French Academy of Sciences, a standard procedure used by scientists and inventors to establish priority of conception of unpublished ideas in the event of any later dispute. This metal surface would then be given the same motion and speed as the original recording surface. A stylus linked to a diaphragm would be made to ride in the groove or on the ridge so that the stylus would be moved back and forth in accordance with the recorded vibrations. It would transmit these vibrations to the connected diaphragm, and the diaphragm would transmit them to the air, reproducing the original sound. An account of his invention was published on October 1. Cros had devised a more direct procedure: the recording stylus could scribe its tracing through a thin coating of acid- resistant material on a metal surface and the surface could then be etched in an acid bath, producing the desired groove without the complication of an intermediate photographic procedure. He had died in 1. First phonograph. The visitor without any ceremony whatever turned the crank, and to the astonishment of all present the machine said: . How do you like the phonograph? The platen had a spiral groove on its surface, like the disk. Over this was placed a circular disk of paper; an electromagnet with the embossing point connected to an arm traveled over the disk; and any signals given through the magnets were embossed on the disk of paper. If this disc was removed from the machine and put on a similar machine provided with a contact point, the embossed record would cause the signals to be repeated into another wire. The ordinary speed of telegraphic signals is thirty- five to forty words a minute; but with this machine several hundred words were possible. This pulley was connected by a cord to a little paper toy representing a man sawing wood. Hence, if one shouted: ' Mary had a little lamb,' etc., the paper man would start sawing wood. I reached the conclusion that if I could record the movements of the diaphragm properly, I could cause such records to reproduce the original movements imparted to the diaphragm by the voice, and thus succeed in recording and reproducing the human voice. Over this was to be placed tinfoil, which easily received and recorded the movements of the diaphragm. A sketch was made, and the piece- work price, $1. I was in the habit of marking the price I would pay on each sketch. If the workman lost, I would pay his regular wages; if he made more than the wages, he kept it. The workman who got the sketch was John Kruesi. I didn't have much faith that it would work, expecting that I might possibly hear a word or so that would give hope of a future for the idea. Kruesi, when he had nearly finished it, asked what it was for. I told him I was going to record talking, and then have the machine talk back. However, it was finished, the foil was put on; I then shouted 'Mary had a little lamb', etc. I adjusted the reproducer, and the machine reproduced it perfectly. I was never so taken aback in my life. Everybody was astonished. I was always afraid of things that worked the first time. Long experience proved that there were great drawbacks found generally before they could be got commercial; but here was something there was no doubt of. On the early phonograph's reproductive capabilities he writes . Recording for that primitive machine was a comparatively simple matter. I had to keep my mouth about six inches away from the horn and remember not to make my voice too loud if I wanted anything approximating to a clear reproduction; that was all. When it was played over to me and I heard my own voice for the first time, one or two friends who were present said that it sounded rather like mine; others declared that they would never have recognised it. I daresay both opinions were correct. The clockwork portion of the phonograph is concealed in the base beneath the statue; the amplifying horn is the shell in behind the human figure. Edison's early phonographs recorded onto a thin sheet of metal, normally tinfoil, which was temporarily wrapped around a helically grooved cylinder mounted on a correspondingly threaded rod supported by plain and threaded bearings. While the cylinder was rotated and slowly progressed along its axis, the airborne sound vibrated a diaphragm connected to a stylus that indented the foil into the cylinder's groove, thereby recording the vibrations as . Although Edison's very first experimental tinfoil phonograph used separate and somewhat different recording and playback assemblies, in subsequent machines a single diaphragm and stylus served both purposes. One peculiar consequence was that it was possible to overdub additional sound onto a recording being played back. The recording was heavily worn by each playing, and it was nearly impossible to accurately remount a recorded foil after it had been removed from the cylinder. In this form, the only practical use that could be found for the phonograph was as a startling novelty for private amusement at home or public exhibitions for profit. Edison's early patents show that he was aware that sound could be recorded as a spiral on a disc, but Edison concentrated his efforts on cylinders, since the groove on the outside of a rotating cylinder provides a constant velocity to the stylus in the groove, which Edison considered more . They named their version the Graphophone. Introduction of the disc record. The oldest surviving example is a copper electrotype of a recording cut into a wax disc in 1. History and Development of Great Lakes Water Craft. Sailing Craft. Sailing craft on the Great Lakes date to the first ships constructed on Lake Ontario in the 1. Lawrence River rapids and the falls at Niagara. Fore- and- aft rig vessels were lighter and more easily managed than square- rig ships. The British built two more schooners in 1. For the next 1. 9 years, Lakes navigation was restricted to British naval craft. In the early 1. 77. Great Lakes, including five operating on Lake Ontario and nine on Lake Erie. Others would soon follow despite the policies of the British government. With the fur trade flourishing in the West and settlement spreading around Lake Ontario, British merchants protested the prohibition against merchant shipping. Several ships were begun at once, principally for the various fur companies. In the summer of 1. Athabasca was built for the North West Company at Point aux Pins above Sault Ste. The 7. 5- ton sloop Otter was completed in 1. Unlike the earlier ships built by the French and British, these were designed and built independent of the Navy. Nevertheless, many of the Lakes' shipwrights had come from naval services. The influence of that training persisted for many decades. Between 1. 78. 8 and the War of 1. Lakes for trading with the Native Americans and the fur trade, for supplying military posts and the western settlements, and for transporting fish, salt, and lumber for the New York, Pittsburgh, and Quebec markets. Several small ships were built at Point aux Pins on Lake Superior during this era for the North West Company. Experience also demonstrated that shallow- draft vessels were as safe and efficient as the traditional deep- draft ships. They carried approximately 1. Brigantines combined the best features of both square and fore- and- aft rigs, and became popular in the 1. They required crews of eight to ten men and were not as maneuverable as schooners. As a result, few brigs or brigantines were built after 1. Topsails in one form or another were a carryover from the days of the Baltimore Clippers. With straight sides and box- like forms, they resembled canal boats and earlier coastal packets. The ships were the models for the early 2. Unfortunately, the great boom ended in the Panic of 1. The Civil War years marked the slow steady recovery from the terrible effects of the depression. With the 1. 86. 0s, commerce shifted in the Great Lakes. Railroads had penetrated the West and cut into the profitable freight businesses. There were still enormous quantities of foodstuffs and raw materials to be transported by ships, but the lucrative package cargo had decreased. At the same time, bulk cargoes such as salt, grain, coal, and lumber were increasing. They were popular for the shallowest, poorest ports in the lumber, cordwood, tanbark, sand, or hay trades. A handful of scows were used on Lake Superior, but they were most common on Lake St. Clair, Lake Michigan, and on the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario. Some scows survived as late as 1. According to contemporary newspaper articles, they could make up to 1. Some had large tamarack brackets or . Many had heavy vertical stanchions along the centerline to support the deck down the middle. Still others had transverse . These were particularly common in vessels built for the iron ore trade. After 1. 88. 0, many builders incorporated iron and steel into the fabric of wooden ships in the form of reinforcing rods and straps, brackets, or plates at critical locations in the hull. When the infamous shoals were dredged at the St. Clair Flats in the late 1. The new schooners, 2. Some of those built after 1. Davis lasted into the 1. They were the last working survivors of nearly 2. Their former semblance has entirely disappeared. Passenger and Package Freight Steamers. Steam navigation began on the Lakes with the construction of the side- wheelers Ontario and Frontenac in 1. It was built at Black Rock (Tonawanda), New York, for the Lake Erie Steamboat Company. Trade in the 1. 82. After completion of the Erie Canal in 1. The burgeoning passenger traffic offered sufficient returns to justify the more costly steamboats. In the 1. 3 years previous to the opening of the Canal, 2. In the four years after completion of the canal, 6. Lake Erie ports which connected directly with the Erie Canal. About 4. 0 of these craft operated as ferries or on short local routes out of the larger ports. The remainder, principally the larger boats, ran from Buffalo to upper Lakes ports or from Niagara and Toronto to lower Lakes or St. Lawrence River destinations. By the 1. 84. 0s, the Erie Canal brought tens of thousands of settlers to Buffalo each year in search of passage to the West. Population in cities bordering the upper Lakes reportedly quadrupled in the eight years previous to 1. The passenger and merchandise businesses were booming. The steamers Illinois (1. Great Western (1. The entire hull was occupied by the boilers, with holds for freight and wood. On the main deck aft was the ladies' cabin and staterooms, while on the hurricane deck the main cabin extended almost the entire length of the boat. On this deck there were also a ladies' saloon aft, the dining room next, and the saloon or bar- room forward. Staterooms, 6. 0 in number, were arranged on either side of these cabins, the whole length, with three berths in each, making in all about 3. Some vessels had crosshead or . Other ships had horizontal engines, with the machinery entirely contained below decks. The most common arrangement on the Lakes was the vertical or . It had a tall A- frame with a crosshead on top which rocked back and forth, attached to the cylinder on one end and the crankshaft on the other. The steamers all burned cordwood for fuel until coal was adopted after the Civil War. Most paddle- wheelers carried one, two, or even three masts until about 1. The later screw steamers, or . Some screw freighters carried sails until almost 1. The cost was considerable, however, as steamers were more expensive to build and operate than contemporary sailing craft. Because boilers and engines were so costly, they were often re- used, sometimes serving in three or more different hulls before they were worn out and useless. Steamers also required fuel, which cost $8. The first 1,0. 00- ton steamer in the nation, the 2. Empire, was built on the Lakes in 1. The lavish vessel ushered in the era of . Construction of such large craft was possible with the development of new fastenings for wooden hulls, the expanded use of ironwork for strengthening, and the introduction of . The magnificent Palace Steamers of the later 1. Lakes. Most were between 1,0. The City of Buffalo, built in 1. On either hand the doors open into the staterooms. The cabin has an arched ceiling, which together with the panels, are ornamented by gilt mouldings, the white and gold making a very rich appearance. Splendid chandeliers light it by night, the center one being double. The furniture is of the richest rose- wood, with damask and plush upholstering; the carpets are costly brussels, and the whole scene magnificent. The fairy palaces of the imagination were never so gorgeously furnished, nor could the famous barge of Cleopatra, with its silken sails, rival this noblest of steamers. Only the smallest could fit through the Sault Locks when they were opened in 1. The Panic of 1. 85. Lakes. The entire fleet of Palace Steamers was withdrawn from service. The passenger business revived after the Civil War, but it was never again able to sustain ships as luxurious as the Palace Steamers. The steamers built for the post- war passenger trade were more modest in size and furnishings. The side- wheelers had enormous engines which took up too much space in the holds to make them efficient cargo- carriers. They had particular difficulty in carrying bulky cargoes inexpensively. Side- wheelers were also so beamy that in order to build them narrow enough to pass through some of the canals, valuable cargo space was sacrificed. The 2. 6- foot wide Welland Canal could not admit even the smallest class of side- wheelers. All of the freight bound for Oswego, Toronto, Kingston, and Montreal was necessarily carried in schooners. In 1. 84. 0 and 1. Lake Ontario vessel owners began to experiment with steamboat technology to enable them to compete more effectively with Buffalo and the Erie Canal for the trade of the West. Side- wheelers reached their zenith between 1. Palace Steamers. A few paddle- wheel giants were built on the Lakes after 1. Greater Detroit and Greater Buffalo of 1. Stockton, which was built in England in 1. Atlantic in 1. 83. Delaware & Raritan Canal. The 1. 38- ton Vandalia, built at Oswego, New York, in 1. Great Lakes' first propeller steamship. Unlike the pioneer screw- steamers in England, which appear to have been without exception, towing vessels, the Vandalia and its contemporaries on the Lakes were all built to carry passengers and freight through the canals. The Vandalia, designed to trade through the Welland Ship Canal, was intended to divert some of the lucrative Lake Michigan trade from Buffalo to Lake Ontario ports for its Oswego owners. It demonstrated that propellers could pass easily through the narrow locks where side- wheelers could not. The maritime industry was guardedly optimistic, but the ship's owners and investors expressed boundless confidence. The Oswego Palladium, Dec. They were cheaper to build and operate than side- wheelers. Their machinery was simpler, cheaper, and more compact, so that it left more space for cargo. Screw steam engines burned about one- fourth the fuel of paddle- wheel steamers, and required only half the engine- room crews. All these factors enabled propellers to offer freight rates somewhere between those of sailing craft and side- wheelers. This meant that they could compete for much of the low- value cargoes that had previously been carried in schooners. It was the first steamer of any kind to sail that body of water.
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